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OTHELLO
William Shakespeare
Long time ago in Venice¹ there was a rich Senator² who was known as Brabantio. He had a beautiful daughter, the gentle³ Desdemona. She was sought⁴ by various suitors⁵, both of her clime⁶ and complexion⁷, but she found none of her choice. The noble⁸ lady, who regarded⁹ the heart more than the appearance¹⁰ and complexion of man, had chosen the person of her affections¹¹ - a Moor¹², a dark complexioned nobleman, whom her father loved deeply and often invited him to their mansion¹³. The noble Moor, Othello, was a valiant¹⁴ soldier and by his heroics in bloody wars against the Turks¹⁵, he had been raised to the rank of the General¹⁶ and was highly esteemed¹⁷ and revered¹⁸ throughout the state.
Othello had been a great traveller and Desdemona was all the more keen to listen to the stories of adventure that Othello recollected¹⁹ from his experiences in the battles, sieges²⁰ and encounters²¹, the perils²² he had been exposed²³ to, his hair-breadth escapes when he entered a breach²⁴, or marched up²⁵ to the mouth of a cannon²⁶ and how he had been captivated²⁷ by the insolent²⁸ enemy and sold as a slave²⁹, how he demeaned himself in that state, and escaped. Desdemona listened with rapt³⁰ attention of all these accounts, added to the narration of the strange things Othello had seen in foreign countries: the vast wilderness³¹ and romantic caverns³², the quarries³³, the rocks and lofty³⁴ mountains that touched the clouds, the savage³⁵ nations, the cannibals³⁶ who are man-eaters, and a race of people in Africa whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders. These stories enticed Desdemona so much that even if she was called for any household affairs, she would finish off the work with all haste³⁷ and return to Othello with greedy³⁸ ear to devour³⁹ his discourse⁴⁰. At the end of his stories Desdemona would always sigh and then thank him and wished that if he had a friend who loved her, he had only to teach him, how to tell his story, and that would woo⁴¹ her. Upon this hint, delivered not with more frankness⁴² than modesty, and blushes, which Othello could not but understand and he spoke more openly of his love ind thus gained the consent⁴³ of the generous and gorgeous⁴⁴ lady Desdemona to marry him.
Their marriage, which though was privately solemnized⁴⁵, could not be kept a secret for long. When the news reached Brabantio, he appealed to the Duke of Venice and prayed for justice against Othello accusing⁴⁶ him of casting⁴⁷ spell⁴⁸ and witchcraft⁴⁹ to seduce⁵⁰ the gentle Desdemona, winning her heart and marrying her without taking the consent of her father.
Meanwhile, the state of Venice was in urgent need of Othello. The Senate received a news that the Turks had set sail a fleet⁵¹ with mighty⁵² preparation for hostility⁵³ and they were moving towards the island of Cyprus⁵⁴ with the intent⁵⁴ to regain⁵⁵ it from the Venetians⁵⁶. In this state of emergency, Othello was deemed⁵⁷ as the most competent⁵⁸ General to defend Cyprus against the invasion⁵⁹ of the Turks. Hence, Othello was summoned⁶⁰ before the Senate. He was therefore called to the Senate both as a candidate for a noble employment and esteem as well as a culprit⁶¹, charged with offences by Senator Brabantio.
The old Senator was heard with utmost⁶² patience in the assembly⁶³ of the Senators and the infuriated⁶⁴ father accused Othello in outrageous⁶⁵ manner. Hence, when Othello was called upon for his defence, he had only to narrate a simple story of his love, which he did so in such artless⁶⁶ eloquence⁶⁷ that even the Duke had to confess that a tale so told would have won his daughter too. And the spells and conjurations⁶⁸ which Othello had used in his courtship plainly appeared to have been no more than the honest arts of wooing and the only witchcraft which he had used is the skill of telling a soft tale to win a lady's heart.
The statement of Othello was confirmed by Desdemona who appeared in court and acknowledged⁶⁹ that she was bound⁷⁰ by duty to Brabantio for her life and education. But now she has a higher duty to perform for her lover and husband Othello, quite like her mother had done years ago in preferring Brabantio above her father. Unable to maintain his plea, Brabantio accepted the Moor as his son-in-law and told him that with all his heart he would keep her away from him. He was also glad that he had no other child, for this behaviour of Desdemona would have made him a tyrant⁷¹ and hang clogs⁷² on them for desertion⁷³. He even warned Othello about Desdemona who had deceived her father and might also deceive him.
After the trial, Othello readily⁷⁴ went to the war in Cyprus along with Desdemona as she refused to stay with her father any more. She boldly declared, “I loved the Moor to live with him”. So the newly married couple⁷⁵ set sail⁷⁶ for Cyprus. But, as soon they landed in Cyprus, the news arrived that a violent tempest had dispersed⁷⁷ the Turkish fleet and the island was, thus, secure. But the war, which Othello was to suffer, was now beginning and the enemies, which malice⁷⁸ stirred up⁷⁹ against Desdemona, proved in their nature more deadly than strangers or infidels⁸⁰.
Among the friends of Othello, no one possessed⁸¹ his confidence⁸² more than Cassio. He was a young Florentine⁸³ soldier, amorous⁸⁴, and of pleasing nature which attracted the women. He was handsome and eloquent⁸⁵. Any married man of advanced years having a young, beautiful wife would be much alarmed of such a person except Othello who was free from jealousy⁸⁶, as he was noble and incapable⁸⁷ of suspecting⁸⁸ him to be infidel. He had used Cassio in his love affair with Desdemona for Othello feared that he lacked the amorous qualities of Cassio that would please⁸⁹ ladies, and so would often depute⁹⁰ Cassio to court for him; such innocent⁹¹ simplicity being rather an honour than a blemish⁹² to the character of the valiant Moor. It was therefore no wonder if, next to Othello, the gentle Desdemona loved and trusted Cassio. Hence, the marriage of this couple made little difference to their relationship with Cassio. He frequented⁹³ their house, and his free and rattling⁹⁴ talk was endearing⁹⁵ to Othello for he himself was of a serious temper.
Othello had of late promoted Cassio to the rank of Lieutenant, a place of trust and nearest to the General. The promotion⁹⁶ gave great offence to Iago, an elder nobleman, who thought he had a better claim than Cassio and would often scorn⁹⁷ at Cassio to be a person befitting⁹⁸ for the company of ladies, and knew little of the art of warfare⁹⁹. Iago hated Cassio. He also hated Othello for favouring Cassio and also for an unjust suspicion¹⁰⁰ that the Moor was too fond of Emilia, Iago's wife. From these imaginary provocations¹⁰¹, Iago conceived¹⁰² a scheme of revenge¹⁰³ that would involve Cassio, Othello and Desdemona in one common ruin.
Iago was crafty. He studied human mind deeply. He knew that of all the kinds of afflictions¹⁰⁴ that torment¹⁰⁵ man, the pains of jealousy were the most unbearable and had the sorest¹⁰⁶ sting¹⁰⁷. He thought if he could succeed in making Othello envious¹⁰⁸ of Cassio, then it would be an excellent plot of revenge which might culminate¹⁰⁹ in the death of Cassio or Othello or both, he cared not.
The arrival of the General and his lady in Cyprus, and receiving the news of the dispersion of enemy's fleet¹¹⁰, created a sort of holiday mood in the island. Everybody was involved in feasting¹¹¹ and merry making. Cassio had the direction of the guard that night with a charge from Othello to restrain¹¹² the soldiers from drinking excessively. On that night Iago began his deep-laid plans of mischief. Under the guise¹¹³ of loyalty and love to the General, he lured¹¹⁴ Cassio to have a drink, which was a great fault for an officer on guard. Although Cassio resisted initially, yet he soon fell into the guile¹¹⁵ of Iago. He swallowed wine glass after glass and became drunk. Provoked by Iago, he praised the gentle lady Desdemona. He even told Iago, "She is a most exquisite¹¹⁶ lady." At the end he got involved in a scuffle¹¹⁷. Montano, a worthy officer, who interfered to pacify the dispute, was wounded in the scuffle. Taking advantage of the situation Iago spread the alarm causing the castle-bell to be rung as if a dangerous mutiny¹¹⁸ had set in. The bell awakened Othello who dressed in haste came down to the scene of action and asked Cassio of the cause. By now, Cassio had regained some rationality, but was too ashamed to reply. Iago pretended to be reluctant¹¹⁹ to tell the truth, and, as if compelled¹²⁰ by Othello, gave an account of the whole matter in such a manner that it seemed to make Cassio's offence less, but actually made it appear greater than it was. Consequently, Othello who was a strict observer of discipline was forced to take away the rank of lieutenant¹²¹ from Cassio. Thus, Iago's first artifice¹²² succeeded. He had now undermined his hated adversary¹²³ Cassio and was successful to thrust him out of his place.
Cassio, whom this misfortune had entirely sobered¹²⁴, now lamented¹²⁵ to his seeming friend Iago: "Reputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial¹²⁶. My reputation, Iago, my reputation!" He despised¹²⁷ himself. He thought how he could ask the General for his place again. Iago advised him to apply to the lady to mediate for him with her lord.
Cassio did as Iago advised him. Desdemona promised him that she would be his solicitor with her lord. She immediately set about for this cause in so earnest and pretty a manner that Othello, who was mortally offended with Cassio, could not put her off. When he pleaded delay¹²⁸ because it was too soon to pardon such an offender, she insisted that it should be the next night, or the next morning to that at farthest. Then she showed how penitent¹²⁹ and humbled poor Cassio was and that his offence did not deserve punishment of such magnitude¹³⁰. But Othello still hung back. So she said, "What! my lord, that I should have so much to do to plead for Cassio, Michael Cassio, that came a-courting for you, and oftentimes, when I have spoken in dispraise¹³¹ of you, has taken your part! I count this but a little thing to ask of you. When I mean to try your love indeed, I shall ask a weighty matter." Othello could deny nothing to such a pleader. He promised to receive Michael Cassio again in his favour, but only requested Desdemona to leave the time to him.
It happened that Othello and Iago had entered into the room where Desdemona was already present with Cassio who had been imploring¹³² her intercession¹³³. He departed through the opposite door as Othello entered and Iago, who was full of art, said in a low voice, as if to himself, "I like not that." Othello took no great notice of what he said. The interaction¹³⁴ which immediately took place with Desdemona put it out of his head. But he recalled it later. When Desdemona departed from the scene Iago asked Othello, as if mere satisfaction¹³⁵ of his thought, whether Cassio knew of the General's courtship¹³⁶ with Desdemona. The General replied in affirmative and added that he had gone between them very often during the courtship. Iago raised his brow, as if he had got fresh light on some terrible matter, and remarked, "Indeed!". This brought into Othello's mind the words of Iago which he said while entering the room. Thus he began to think there was some meaning in that private meeting of Desdemona with Cassio. Othello deemed Iago to be a just man, full of love and honesty. So he urged Iago to speak out of what he knew. "And what," said Iago, "if some thoughts very vile should have intruded¹³⁷ into my breast?" he went on to say that it would be a pity if any trouble would arise to Othello out of his imperfect¹³⁸ observations. So it would not be wise for Othello's peace to know his thoughts. By then Othello's curiosity was raised almost to distraction and Iago, as if in earnest care for Othello's peace of mind, sought him to be cautious of jealousy. By the very caution he pretended to give him against suspicion. "I know," said Othello, "that my wife is fair, loves company and feasting, is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well: but where virtue is, these qualities are virtuous. I must have proof before I think her dishonest." Then Iago, as if glad that Othello was slow to believe ill of his lady, frankly¹³⁹ declared that he had no proof. He begged Othello to observe her behaviour well particularly when Cassio was near by. He should not be jealous or too secure. Iago knew the dispositions¹⁴⁰ of the Italian ladies better than Othello. He knew that in Venice the wives would let the world see their pranks¹⁴¹ but they dared not show their husbands. Iago craftily insinuated¹⁴² that Desdemona deceived her father in marrying with Othello, and carried it so closely, that old Brabantio thought that witchcraft had been used. Othello was much moved by this argument. He wondered if she could deceive her father, she might deceive her husband as well.
Iago begged apology for having moved him. But Othello urged him to go on. Iago pretended that he was reluctant¹⁴³ to produce anything against Cassio whom he called his friend. However, he reminded Othello how Desdemona had rejected many suitable matches of her own clime and complexion and had married him, which showed unnatural in her, and proved her to have a strong will. So when better judgment returned, how probable it was that she would fall upon comparing Othello with the white complexioned young Italians of her countrymen¹⁴⁴. He, therefore, advised Othello to put off his reconcilement¹⁴⁵ with Cassio a little longer. Meanwhile Othello should note with what earnestness Desdemona would solicit¹⁴⁶ for Cassio. So mischievously¹⁴⁷ the treacherous¹⁴⁸ villain laid his plots to turn the gentle qualities of the innocent lady into her destruction, and make a net for her out of her own goodness to entrap¹⁴⁹ her: first setting Cassio on to entreat her mediation, and then out of that very mediation contriving¹⁵⁰ stratagems¹⁵¹ for her ruin.
Othello's long conversation with Iago led him to restlessness. Neither poppy¹⁵², nor the juice of mandragora¹⁵³, nor all the sleeping potions¹⁵⁴ of the world, could once again restore to him that sweet rest which he had enjoyed only yesterday. His occupation sickened upon him. He no longer took delight in arms. His heart, that used to be roused at the sight of troops,would no longer stir at the sound of drums or the neighing¹⁵⁵ of war-horses. He seemed to have lost all that pride and ambition which are the virtues¹⁵⁶ of a soldier. Sometimes he thought his wife to be honest. Again he wondered that she was not. At times he thought Iago to be just, but at times he thought the contrary. Thus, he was torn to pieces with these distracting thoughts. Once he laid hold on Iago's throat, and demanded proof of Desdemona's guilt or threatened instant death for his having belied her. Iago feigned¹⁵⁷ indignation¹⁵⁸ that his honesty was misinterpreted¹⁵⁹ to be a vice. He pointed out if Othello had not sometimes seen a handkerchief spotted with strawberries in the hand of Desdemona, and Othello acknowledged that it was his first gift to Desdemona. "That same handkerchief," said Iago, "did I see Michael Cassio this day wipe his face with." Othello replied, "If it be as you say, I will not rest till a wide revenge swallow them up: first, for a token of your fidelity, I expect that Cassio shall be put to death within three days; and for that fair devil, I will withdraw and devise¹⁶⁰ some swift¹⁶¹ means of death for her."
Othello did not care to enquire how Cassio came by with the handkerchief of Desdemona. He passed death sentence upon both of them. Desdemona had never given such a present to Cassio; nor would this constant¹⁶² lady have ever wronged¹⁶³ her husband with doing so naughty a thing as to give her lord's presents to another man. The shrewd¹⁶⁴ Iago used his wife, Emilia, to steal the handkerchief from Desdemona, under pretence of getting the work copied, but in reality to drop it in Cassio's way, where he might find it, and give a handle¹⁶⁵ to Iago's suggestion that it was Desdemona's present.
Soon after the meeting his wife, Othello pretended that he had a headache, and desired her to lend¹⁶⁶ him her handkerchief to hold on to his temples. Desdemona did so, but Othello wanted the handkerchief which he gave her. Desdemona could not find it. "That's a fault," said Othello. "That handkerchief was given to my mother by an Egyptian woman. She was a charmer¹⁶⁷ and could almost read the thoughts of people; she told her, while she kept it, it would make her amiable¹⁶⁸, and subdue¹⁶⁹ my father entirely to her love; but, if she lost it, or made a gift of it, my father would loathe¹⁷⁰ her as much as he had loved her." The lady said, "Is it possible?" Othello replied, "It is true. It is a magical handkerchief." Desdemona was ready to die with fear, for she plainly perceived that she had lost it, and with it, she feared, the love of her husband. She tried to divert¹⁷¹ him from too serious thoughts. She cheerfully told him that all his talk about the handkerchief was only to put her off from Cassio's suit and went on to praise him until Othello in perfect distraction¹⁷² burst out of the room. Then Desdemona began to suspect that her lord was jealous of Cassio.
When Othello and Desdemona met again, he accused her more plainly of being unfaithful, and of loving another man. Othello wept and told her that he could have borne all sorts of evils with fortitude-poverty, disease and disgrace, but her infidelity had broken his heart. He called her a weed that looked so fair and smelled so sweet that the sense ached at it. He wished she had never been born. When Othello left her, Desdemona was so stupefied¹⁷³ with wonder at her husband's untrue suspicion of her, that a weightlike sleep came over her. She only desired that her attendant¹⁷⁴ to make her bed, and to lay her wedding-sheets upon it. She said that when people teach their babies, they do it by gentle means and easy tasks, and Othello might have chided her so; for in good faith she was but a child when she was children.
Desdemona soon fell asleep. Othello entered the room full of dark purpose which he had meditated¹⁷⁵ of putting her lady to death. When he saw her asleep he thought he would not shed her blood, but he was resolved that should die else she would live to betray¹⁷⁶ more as she had done him. Then he kissed her for the last time and he wept but he said they were cruel tears.
Desdemona was awakened with his kisses. She looked upon Othello, and she saw him gnaw his lips and roll his eyes. She knew he was always fatal when he looked so. He told her to prepare for death and to say her prayers for he would not kill her soul. Desdemona begged for mercy, and to know her fault. Then he named Cassio and the handkerchief which, he said, she had given him, and as the guiltless lady was proceeding to clear herself, he suddenly would hear no more, but covering her up in the bed clothes, stifled¹⁷⁷ her till she died.
At the same time Cassio came in, wounded and bleeding. Iago had set one of his men to assassinate¹⁷⁸ him but the fellow was unable to kill Cassio. He was killed by Iago to prevent discovery. In his pockets were found certain letters which exposed¹⁷⁹ the guilt of lago and confirmed the innocence of Cassio who now came to Othello to beg apology¹⁸⁰ and also to ask him the reason why Iago had been employed to murder him.
The discovery was like a thunderstroke¹⁸¹ to Othello who now felt he was no better than a murder, and that his lady was innocent and faithful. Extreme anguish¹⁸² made life intolerable and killed himself falling upon his sword and throwing himself upon the lifeless body of his dear wife.
These rash acts raised much passion of horror and amazement among the by standers¹⁸³. Othello had borne a fair reputation, and until he was wrought upon¹⁸⁴ by the arts of a villain, he was indeed a loving and doting¹⁸⁵ husband. He had loved Desdemona not wisely, but too well. When he was dead all his former merits and valiant acts were remembered. Iago was executed¹⁸⁶ with strict tortures, and the state of Venice lamented¹⁸⁷ for the demise¹⁸⁸ of their renowned General Othello.
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Word Notes and Explanation
1) Venice: A major historical port city in northeastern Italy, known for its canals.
Bengali: ভেনিস (ইউরোপের উত্তর-পূর্ব ইতালির একটি প্রধান ঐতিহাসিক বন্দর শহর, যা তার খালগুলির জন্য পরিচিত)
2) Senator: A member of a senate; a high-ranking government official.
Bengali: সেনেটর (উচ্চ পরিষদের সদস্য; উচ্চপদস্থ সরকারি কর্মকর্তা)
3) gentle: Kind, mild-mannered, tender, gracious.
Bengali: ভদ্র, শান্ত, কোমল, দয়ালু
4) sought: Desired, looked for, pursued, courted.
Bengali: আকাঙ্ক্ষিত, খোঁজা, অন্বেষণ করা, প্রণয়প্রার্থী হওয়া
5) suitors: Men who court a woman to marry her; admirers, wooers.
Bengali: প্রণয়প্রার্থী (যে পুরুষরা বিবাহ করার জন্য কোনো মহিলার মনোরঞ্জন করে; গুণমুগ্ধ, প্রেমিক)
6) clime: Region, country, area, environment (often referring to the prevailing weather conditions).
Bengali: অঞ্চল, দেশ, এলাকা, পরিবেশ (প্রায়শই বিরাজমান আবহাওয়ার পরিস্থিতি বোঝায়)
7) complexion: The natural color and texture of the skin, especially of the face.
Bengali: গায়ের রঙ ও গঠন, বিশেষ করে মুখের
8) noble: Having or showing fine personal qualities or high moral principles and ideals; aristocratic, high-born.
Bengali: মহৎ গুণাবলী বা উচ্চ নৈতিক নীতি ও আদর্শ সম্পন্ন; অভিজাত, উচ্চবংশীয়
9) regarded: Considered, viewed, looked upon, respected.
Bengali: বিবেচিত, দৃষ্টিগোচর হওয়া, দেখা, সম্মানিত
10) appearance: The way someone or something looks; outward show.
Bengali: চেহারা, বাহ্যিক রূপ
11) affections: Feelings of fondness or love.
Bengali: স্নেহ, ভালোবাসা
12) Moor: A member of a northwestern African Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent. (In the context of the play Othello, often refers to a dark-skinned person, sometimes specifically from North Africa).
Bengali: মুর (উত্তর-পশ্চিম আফ্রিকার বার্বার এবং আরব বংশোদ্ভূত মুসলিম জনগোষ্ঠীর সদস্য। ওথেলো নাটকের প্রেক্ষাপটে, প্রায়শই কৃষ্ণবর্ণের ব্যক্তিকে বোঝায়, কখনও কখনও বিশেষভাবে উত্তর আফ্রিকা থেকে)
13) mansion: A large and impressive house; palace, estate.
Bengali: বিশাল ও চিত্তাকর্ষক বাড়ি; প্রাসাদ, জমিদারবাড়ি
14) valiant: Possessing or showing courage or determination; brave, courageous, heroic.
Bengali: সাহসী, বীরত্বপূর্ণ, নির্ভীক
15) Turks: People from Turkey (historically referring to the Ottoman Empire in this context).
* Bengali: তুর্কি (তুরস্কের জনগণ; ঐতিহাসিকভাবে এই প্রেক্ষাপটে অটোমান সাম্রাজ্যকে বোঝায়)
* General: A high-ranking officer in the army.
* Bengali: জেনারেল (সেনাবাহিনীর উচ্চপদস্থ কর্মকর্তা)
* esteemed: Respected and admired; highly regarded.
* Bengali: সম্মানিত ও প্রশংসিত; উচ্চ গণ্য
* revered: Felt deep respect or admiration for (something); honored, venerated.
* Bengali: গভীর শ্রদ্ধা বা admiration অনুভব করা; সম্মানিত, পূজনীয়
* recollected: Remembered, recalled, brought to mind.
* Bengali: মনে করা, স্মরণ করা
* sieges: Military blockades of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by attrition or assault.
* Bengali: অবরোধ (ক্ষয় বা আক্রমণের মাধ্যমে বিজয়ের উদ্দেশ্যে কোনো শহর বা দুর্গের সামরিক অবরোধ)
* encounters: Brief or unexpected meetings; confrontations, battles.
* Bengali: সাক্ষাৎ, অপ্রত্যাশিত সাক্ষাৎ; সংঘর্ষ, যুদ্ধ
* perils: Serious and immediate danger; hazards, risks.
* Bengali: বিপদ, গুরুতর ও আশু বিপদ; ঝুঁকি
* exposed: Subjected to (something, typically unpleasant or harmful); vulnerable to.
* Bengali: উন্মুক্ত, কোনো কিছুর শিকার হওয়া (সাধারণত অপ্রীতিকর বা ক্ষতিকর); অরক্ষিত
* breach: A gap in a wall, fortification, or defense line, made by force.
* Bengali: ফাটল, প্রাচীর, দুর্গ বা প্রতিরক্ষা লাইনে জোরপূর্বক সৃষ্ট ফাঁক
* up: (In this context) towards, in the direction of.
* Bengali: দিকে, অভিমুখে
* cannon: A large gun, typically mounted on wheels, formerly used in warfare.
* Bengali: কামান (চাকাযুক্ত বড় বন্দুক, যা পূর্বে যুদ্ধক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হত)
* captivated: Attracted and held the interest and attention of; fascinated, charmed.
* Bengali: আকৃষ্ট ও মনোযোগ ধরে রাখা; মুগ্ধ, মোহিত
* insolent: Showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect; disrespectful, impudent.
* Bengali: অভদ্র ও ঔদ্ধত্যপূর্ণভাবে অসম্মানজনক; বেয়াদব, নির্লজ্জ
* slave: A person held in servitude and deprived of freedom.
* Bengali: দাস (যে ব্যক্তি দাসত্বের অধীনে এবং স্বাধীনতার বঞ্চিত)
* rapt: Completely fascinated by what one is seeing or hearing; engrossed, absorbed.
* Bengali: সম্পূর্ণরূপে মুগ্ধ (যা দেখা বা শোনা যাচ্ছে তাতে); মগ্ন, আবিষ্ট
* wilderness: An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region.
* Bengali: জনমানবহীন, অনুর্বর ও প্রতিকূল অঞ্চল; বনভূমি, মরুভূমি
* caverns: Caves, especially large ones.
* Bengali: গুহা, বিশেষ করে বড় গুহা
* quarries: Large, deep pits from which stone or other materials are or have been extracted.
* Bengali: খাদান (বড়, গভীর গর্ত যেখান থেকে পাথর বা অন্যান্য উপকরণ উত্তোলন করা হয়)
* lofty: Of great height; towering, very tall.
* Bengali: উঁচু, সুউচ্চ, দীর্ঘ
* savage: Fierce, violent, and uncontrolled; wild, untamed.
* Bengali: হিংস্র, উগ্র, অনিয়ন্ত্রিত; বন্য, অদম্য
* cannibals: People who eat human flesh.
* Bengali: নরখাদক (যে মানুষ মানুষের মাংস খায়)
* haste: Excessive speed or urgency of movement or action; hurry, rush.
* Bengali: তাড়াহুড়ো, দ্রুততা
* greedy: Having or showing an intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth or power; eager, avid.
* Bengali: লোভী, অত্যন্ত স্বার্থপর আকাঙ্ক্ষা পোষণকারী (বিশেষ করে ধন বা ক্ষমতার জন্য); আগ্রহী, লোলুপ
* devour: To eat (food or prey) hungrily or quickly; to absorb or consume avidly.
* Bengali: গ্রাস করা (ক্ষুধার্তভাবে বা দ্রুত); আগ্রহের সাথে শোষণ বা গ্রহণ করা
* discourse: Written or spoken communication or debate; conversation, speech.
* Bengali: আলোচনা, বিতর্ক; কথোপকথন, বক্তৃতা
* woo: To try to gain the love of (someone, typically a woman) by making amorous advances; court, pursue.
* Bengali: প্রেম অর্জনের চেষ্টা করা (সাধারণত কোনো মহিলার); প্রণয় নিবেদন করা, অনুসরণ করা
* frankness: The quality of being open, honest, and direct in speech or writing; candor, openness.
* Bengali: স্পষ্টবাদিতা, অকপটতা, খোলামেলা ভাব
* consent: Permission for something to happen or agreement to do something; agreement, approval.
* Bengali: সম্মতি, অনুমতি
* gorgeous: Beautiful and attractive; magnificent, stunning.
* Bengali: মনোরম, আকর্ষণীয়; চমৎকার, অত্যাশ্চর্য
* solemnized: Performed or celebrated (a marriage or other ceremony) formally and seriously.
* Bengali: আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে ও গুরুত্ব সহকারে অনুষ্ঠিত বা উদযাপিত (বিবাহ বা অন্য কোনো অনুষ্ঠান)
* accusing: Charging someone with an offense or crime; blaming.
* Bengali: অভিযুক্ত করা, দোষারোপ করা
* casting: Placing or directing (a spell).
* Bengali: নিক্ষেপ করা (মন্ত্র)
* spell: A form of words used as a magical charm or incantation.
* Bengali: মন্ত্র, জাদু
* witchcraft: The practice of magic, especially black magic; sorcery.
* Bengali: ডাইনিবিদ্যা, জাদুবিদ্যা (বিশেষ করে কালো জাদু)
* seduce: Attract (someone) to a belief or course of action that is unwise or immoral; entice, lure.
* Bengali: প্রলুব্ধ করা (এমন বিশ্বাস বা কাজের দিকে যা নির্বুদ্ধিতা বা অনৈতিক); প্রলুব্ধ করা, আকৃষ্ট করা
* fleet: A group of ships sailing together, engaged in the same activity.
* Bengali: নৌবহর (একসাথে পাল তোলা জাহাজের দল, একই কার্যক্রমে নিয়োজিত)
* mighty: Possessing great power; strong, powerful.
* Bengali: শক্তিশালী, পরাক্রমশালী
* hostility: Hostile behavior; unfriendliness or opposition.
* Bengali: শত্রুতা, বৈরী আচরণ; বিদ্বেষ বা বিরোধিতা
* Cyprus: An island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
* Bengali: সাইপ্রাস (পূর্ব ভূমধ্যসাগরের একটি দ্বীপ দেশ)
* regain: Obtain possession of (something lost or taken away); recover, retrieve.
* Bengali: পুনরুদ্ধার করা (হারানো বা ছিনিয়ে নেওয়া কোনো কিছুর অধিকার ফিরে পাওয়া)
* Venetians: People from Venice.
* Bengali: ভেনিসের অধিবাসী
* deemed: Regarded or considered in a specified way; considered, judged.
* Bengali: বিবেচিত, গণ্য করা
* competent: Having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully; capable, skilled.
* Bengali: সক্ষম, দক্ষ
* invasion: An act of invading a country or region with an armed force.
* Bengali: আক্রমণ (সশস্ত্র বাহিনী নিয়ে কোনো দেশ বা অঞ্চলে প্রবেশের কাজ)
* summoned: Officially ordered or requested to be present; called for.
* Bengali: তলব করা, আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে উপস্থিত থাকার আদেশ বা অনুরোধ করা
* culprit: A person who is responsible for a crime or other offense; offender, wrongdoer.
* Bengali: অপরাধী, দোষী ব্যক্তি
* utmost: Greatest or highest in degree, quantity, or intensity; maximum, extreme.
* Bengali: চরম, সর্বোচ্চ
* assembly: A group of people gathered together for a common purpose.
* Bengali: সভা, সমাবেশ
* infuriated: Extremely angry; enraged, incensed.
* Bengali: ক্ষিপ্ত, রাগান্বিত
* outrageous: Shockingly bad or excessive; scandalous, atrocious.
* Bengali: জঘন্য, অত্যন্ত খারাপ বা অতিরিক্ত; কেলেঙ্কারিপূর্ণ, নৃশংস
* artless: Without guile or deception; innocent, natural.
* Bengali: সরল, কপটতাহীন; নিষ্পাপ, স্বাভাবিক
* eloquence: Fluent or persuasive speaking or writing.
* Bengali: বাগ্মিতা, সুবক্তৃতা
* conjurations: The performance of magic tricks; incantations, spells.
* Bengali: জাদু দেখানো; মন্ত্র, জাদু
* acknowledged: Accepted or recognized the existence or truth of; admitted, conceded.
* Bengali: স্বীকার করা, সত্যতা বা অস্তিত্ব মেনে নেওয়া
* bound: Obligated by duty, agreement, or law.
* Bengali: বাধ্য, কর্তব্য, চুক্তি বা আইনের দ্বারা আবদ্ধ
* tyrant: A cruel and oppressive ruler.
* Bengali: স্বৈরাচারী শাসক
* clogs: Heavy, typically wooden-soled shoes. (Figuratively, something that impedes or restricts).
* Bengali: খড়ম (আলংকারিক অর্থে, যা বাধা দেয় বা সীমাবদ্ধ করে)
* desertion: The action of deserting a military force or one's duty; abandonment.
* Bengali: পরিত্যাগ, সামরিক বাহিনী বা কর্তব্য ত্যাগ করার কাজ
* readily: Without hesitation or reluctance; willingly, easily.
* Bengali: সহজে, দ্বিধা বা অনিচ্ছা ছাড়াই; সানন্দে
* couple: Two people who are married or otherwise closely associated romantically.
* Bengali: দম্পতি (বিবাহিত বা অন্যভাবে ঘনিষ্ঠভাবে রোমান্টিকভাবে যুক্ত দুজন ব্যক্তি)
* sail: To travel by boat or ship.
* Bengali: পাল তোলা, নৌকায় বা জাহাজে ভ্রমণ করা
* dispersed: Distributed or spread over a wide area; scattered.
* Bengali: বিক্ষিপ্ত, চারিদিকে ছড়িয়ে পড়া
* malice: The intention or desire to do evil; ill will, spite.
* Bengali: বিদ্বেষ, খারাপ করার ইচ্ছা
* stirred up: Aroused strong feelings in someone; provoked, incited.
* Bengali: উত্তেজিত করা, কারো মধ্যে তীব্র অনুভূতি জাগানো; প্ররোচিত করা
* infidels: People who do not believe in a particular religion (in this historical context, often referring to non-Christians).
* Bengali: অবিশ্বাসী (ঐতিহাসিক প্রেক্ষাপটে, প্রায়শই অ-খ্রিস্টানদের বোঝায়)
* possessed: Had or owned something; had a particular quality or ability.
* Bengali: অধিকারে থাকা, কোনো বিশেষ গুণ বা ক্ষমতা থাকা
* confidence: The feeling of self-assurance arising from one's appreciation of one's own abilities or qualities; trust, faith.
* Bengali: আত্মবিশ্বাস, নিজের ক্ষমতা বা গুণাবলীর প্রতি আস্থা; বিশ্বাস
* Florentine: A person from Florence, Italy.
* Bengali: ফ্লোরেন্সের অধিবাসী (ইতালির ফ্লোরেন্স শহরের লোক)
* amorous: Showing, feeling, or relating to sexual desire; romantic, loving.
* Bengali: কামুক, যৌন আকাঙ্ক্ষা সম্পর্কিত; রোমান্টিক, প্রেমপূর্ণ
* eloquent: Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing.
* Bengali: বাগ্মী, স্পষ্ট ও প্রভাবশালী বক্তা বা লেখক
* jealousy: The state or feeling of being envious of someone or their possessions, qualities, or luck; suspicion, envy.
* Bengali: ঈর্ষা, কারো সম্পদ, গুণাবলী বা ভাগ্যের প্রতি বিদ্বেষপূর্ণ অনুভূতি; সন্দেহ
* incapable: Unable to do something; lacking the ability or qualification.
* Bengali: অক্ষম, কোনো কিছু করতে অসমর্থ; যোগ্যতা বা ক্ষমতার অভাব
* suspecting: Having an idea or impression that something may be the case, typically something bad or wrong; doubting, distrusting.
* Bengali: সন্দেহ করা, এমন ধারণা বা অনুভূতি থাকা যে কিছু ঘটতে পারে, সাধারণত খারাপ বা ভুল কিছু; অবিশ্বাস করা
* please: To cause someone to feel happy and satisfied; charm, delight.
* Bengali: খুশি করা, কাউকে সুখী ও সন্তুষ্ট করা; মুগ্ধ করা, আনন্দ দেওয়া
* depute: To entrust a task or responsibility to (another person); delegate, assign.
* Bengali: অর্পণ করা, কোনো কাজ বা দায়িত্ব অন্য কারো হাতে তুলে দেওয়া; প্রতিনিধি নিয়োগ করা
* innocent: Not guilty of a crime or offense; pure, guileless.
* Bengali: নির্দোষ, কোনো অপরাধ বা দোষে দুষ্ট নয়; বিশুদ্ধ, সরল
* blemish: A small flaw or defect; imperfection, stain.
* Bengali: খুঁত, সামান্য ত্রুটি; দাগ
* frequented: Visited often or regularly.
* Bengali: প্রায়শই বা নিয়মিতভাবে পরিদর্শন করা
* rattling: Making a rapid series of short, sharp knocking sounds. (Figuratively, lively and energetic).
* Bengali: ঝনঝন শব্দ করা (আলংকারিক অর্থে, প্রাণবন্ত ও উদ্যমী)
* endearing: Inspiring affection; charming, lovable.
* Bengali: স্নেহ উদ্রেককারী; আকর্ষণীয়, প্রিয়
* promotion: Advancement in rank, status, or position.
* Bengali: পদোন্নতি, পদমর্যাদা বা অবস্থানের উন্নতি
* scorn: The feeling or expression of contempt or disdain for someone or something; mockery, ridicule.
* Bengali: ঘৃণা, কারো বা কোনো কিছুর প্রতি অবজ্ঞা বা তাচ্ছিল্যের অনুভূতি বা প্রকাশ; উপহাস
* befitting: Appropriate or suitable; fitting, proper.
* Bengali: উপযুক্ত, সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ
* warfare: Engagement in or the activities involved in war or conflict; combat, fighting.
* Bengali: যুদ্ধ: যুদ্ধ বা সংঘাতের সাথে জড়িত কার্যকলাপ বা অংশগ্রহণ; যুদ্ধ, লড়াই।
* suspicion: A feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true.
* Bengali: সন্দেহ, এমন অনুভূতি বা চিন্তা যে কিছু সম্ভব, সম্ভবত সত্য, বা সঠিক।
* provocations: Actions or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry, especially deliberately.
* Bengali: উস্কানি, এমন কাজ বা কথা যা কাউকে বিরক্ত বা রাগান্বিত করে, বিশেষ করে ইচ্ছাকৃতভাবে।
* conceived: Formed or devised (a plan or idea) in the mind; created, imagined.
* Bengali: ধারণা করা, মনে কোনো পরিকল্পনা বা ধারণা গঠন করা; সৃষ্টি করা, কল্পনা করা।
* revenge: Action taken in return for an injury or offense; retaliation, vengeance.
* Bengali: প্রতিশোধ, আঘাত বা অপমানের প্রতিক্রিয়ায় নেওয়া পদক্ষেপ; প্রতিদান, প্রতিহিংসা।
* afflictions: Something that causes pain or suffering; hardship, distress.
* Bengali: কষ্ট, যা ব্যথা বা কষ্টের কারণ হয়; দুর্দশা, যন্ত্রণা।
* torment: Severe physical or mental suffering; agony, distress.
* Bengali: যন্ত্রণা, তীব্র শারীরিক বা মানসিক কষ্ট; মর্মপীড়া, উদ্বেগ।
* sorest: Most painful; most severe.
* Bengali: সবচেয়ে বেদনাদায়ক; সবচেয়ে তীব্র।
* sting: A painful wound inflicted by the thrust of an insect's or other animal's stinger. (Figuratively, a sharp, unpleasant feeling).
* Bengali: হুল ফোটানো (আলংকারিক অর্থে, তীব্র, অপ্রীতিকর অনুভূতি)।
* envious: Feeling or showing discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck; jealous.
* Bengali: ঈর্ষান্বিত, অন্যের সম্পত্তি, গুণাবলী বা ভাগ্যের প্রতি অসন্তুষ্ট বা বিদ্বেষপূর্ণ আকাঙ্ক্ষা অনুভব করা; হিংসুক।
* culminate: Reach a climax or point of highest development; end, conclude.
* Bengali: চূড়ান্ত পর্যায়ে পৌঁছানো; শেষ হওয়া, সমাপ্ত হওয়া।
* fleet: A group of ships sailing together, engaged in the same activity.
* Bengali: নৌবহর, একসাথে পাল তোলা জাহাজের দল, একই কার্যক্রমে নিয়োজিত।
* feasting: Eating sumptuously; enjoying a large, elaborate meal.
* Bengali: ভোজনোৎসব, প্রচুর পরিমাণে ও জাঁকজমকপূর্ণ খাবার উপভোগ করা।
* restrain: Prevent (someone or something) from doing something; control, curb.
* Bengali: সংযত করা, কাউকে বা কোনো কিছুকে কিছু করা থেকে বিরত রাখা; নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা, দমন করা।
* guise: An external form, appearance, or manner of presentation, typically concealing the true nature of something; pretense, facade.
* Bengali: ছদ্মবেশ, বাহ্যিক রূপ, চেহারা বা উপস্থাপনার ধরণ, যা সাধারণত কোনো কিছুর আসল প্রকৃতি গোপন করে; ভান, মুখোশ।
* lured: Tempted or attracted by offering something pleasant; enticed, seduced.
* Bengali: প্রলুব্ধ করা, মনোরম কিছু প্রস্তাবের মাধ্যমে আকৃষ্ট করা; প্রলুব্ধ করা, মোহিত করা।
* guile: Sly or cunning intelligence; trickery, deceit.
* Bengali: ধূর্ততা, চতুর বুদ্ধি; প্রতারণা, ছলনা।
* exquisite: Extremely beautiful and, typically, delicate; lovely, elegant.
* Bengali: অতি সুন্দর এবং সাধারণত সূক্ষ্ম; মনোরম, মার্জিত।
* scuffle: A short, confused fight or struggle at close quarters; brawl, tussle.
* Bengali: ধস্তাধস্তি, কাছাকাছি স্থানে সংক্ষিপ্ত, অগোছালো লড়াই বা সংঘর্ষ।
* mutiny: An open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their officers.
* Bengali: বিদ্রোহ, যথাযথ কর্তৃপক্ষের বিরুদ্ধে প্রকাশ্য বিরোধিতা, বিশেষ করে সৈন্য বা নাবিকদের তাদের কর্মকর্তাদের বিরুদ্ধে।
* reluctant: Unwilling or hesitant; disinclined.
* Bengali: অনিচ্ছুক, দ্বিধাগ্রস্ত; নারাজ।
* compelled: Forced or obliged to do something; made, urged.
* Bengali: বাধ্য করা, কোনো কিছু করতে বাধ্য বা বাধ্যবাধকতা অনুভব করানো; করানো, উৎসাহিত করা।
* lieutenant: A junior officer in the armed forces or the police.
* Bengali: লেফটেন্যান্ট, সশস্ত্র বাহিনী বা পুলিশের একজন জুনিয়র কর্মকর্তা।
* artifice: Clever or cunning devices or expedients, especially as used to trick or deceive others; trickery, cunning.
* Bengali: কৌশল, চতুর বা ধূর্ত উপায়, বিশেষ করে অন্যদের প্রতারিত বা ঠকানোর জন্য ব্যবহৃত; ছলনা, ধূর্তামি।
* adversary: One's opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute; enemy, foe.
* Bengali: প্রতিপক্ষ, কোনো প্রতিযোগিতা, সংঘাত বা বিরোধে বিরোধী; শত্রু, বৈরী।
* sobered: Made or become serious and thoughtful.
* Bengali: গম্ভীর বা চিন্তাশীল করানো বা হওয়া।
* lamented: Mourned or grieved for (a person's death or the loss or decline of something); regretted.
* Bengali: শোক করা, কারো মৃত্যু বা কোনো কিছুর ক্ষতি বা পতনের জন্য দুঃখ প্রকাশ করা; অনুতাপ করা।
* bestial: Resembling or suggesting an animal; brutal, savage.
* Bengali: পশুসদৃশ, পশুর মতো; নৃশংস, বন্য।
* despised: Felt contempt or deep repugnance for; hated, loathed.
* Bengali: ঘৃণা করা, কারো প্রতি গভীর ঘৃণা বা বিতৃষ্ণা অনুভব করা; অপছন্দ করা, বিতৃষ্ণা বোধ করা।
* delay: Make late or slow the progress of (something); postpone, defer.
* Bengali: বিলম্ব করা, কোনো কিছুর অগ্রগতিতে দেরি বা ধীরগতি আনা; স্থগিত করা, পিছিয়ে দেওয়া।
* penitent: Feeling or showing sorrow and regret for having done something wrong; remorseful, contrite.
* Bengali: অনুতপ্ত, ভুল কিছু করার জন্য দুঃখ ও অনুশোচনা অনুভব করা; অনুশোচনাকারী, অনুতাপী।
* magnitude: The great size or extent of something; importance, significance.
* Bengali: বিশালতা, কোনো কিছুর বড় আকার বা পরিধি; গুরুত্ব, তাৎপর্য।
* dispraise: Criticism; disapproval.
* Bengali: নিন্দা, অপছন্দ।
* imploring: Begging someone earnestly or desperately to do something; pleading, beseeching.
* Bengali: মিনতি করা, আন্তরিকভাবে বা মরিয়া হয়ে কারো কাছে কিছু করার জন্য ভিক্ষা চাওয়া; অনুরোধ করা, অনুনয় করা।
* intercession: The action of intervening on behalf of another; mediation, advocacy.
* Bengali: মধ্যস্থতা, অন্যের পক্ষে হস্তক্ষেপ করার কাজ; মধ্যস্থতা, সমর্থন।
* interaction: Reciprocal action or influence; communication, exchange.
* Bengali: মিথস্ক্রিয়া, পারস্পরিক ক্রিয়া বা প্রভাব; যোগাযোগ, আদান-প্রদান।
* satisfaction: The feeling of pleasure or contentment arising from fulfillment of one's wishes, expectations, or needs; contentment, gratification.
* Bengali: সন্তুষ্টি, নিজের ইচ্ছা, প্রত্যাশা বা চাহিদা পূরণের ফলে সৃষ্ট আনন্দ বা তৃপ্তির অনুভূতি; তৃপ্তি, পরিতুষ্টি।
* courtship: A period during which a couple develop a romantic relationship, especially with a view to marriage; wooing.
* Bengali: প্রণয়কাল, যে সময়কালে একটি যুগল রোমান্টিক সম্পর্ক গড়ে তোলে, বিশেষ করে বিবাহের উদ্দেশ্যে; প্রেম নিবেদন।
* intruded: Put oneself deliberately into a place or situation where one is unwelcome or uninvited; encroached, trespassed.
* Bengali: অনধিকার প্রবেশ করা, ইচ্ছাকৃতভাবে এমন কোনো স্থানে বা পরিস্থিতিতে নিজেকে রাখা যেখানে স্বাগত জানানো হয় না; অনধিকার প্রবেশ করা, সীমা লঙ্ঘন করা।
* imperfect: Having flaws or defects; not complete or flawless.
* Bengali: ত্রুটিপূর্ণ, খুঁতযুক্ত; অসম্পূর্ণ বা নিখুঁত নয়।
* frankly: In an open, honest, and direct manner; candidly, openly.
* Bengali: খোলামেলাভাবে, সৎ ও সরাসরিভাবে; অকপটে, প্রকাশ্যে।
* dispositions: A person's inherent qualities of mind and character; temperament, nature.
* Bengali: স্বভাব, কোনো ব্যক্তির অন্তর্নিহিত মানসিক ও চারিত্রিক গুণাবলী; মেজাজ, প্রকৃতি।
* pranks: Playful and mischievous tricks.
* Bengali: দুষ্টুমি, কৌতুকপূর্ণ ও দুরন্তপূর্ণ কৌশল।
* insinuated: Suggested or hinted (something bad or reprehensible) in an indirect and unpleasant way; implied, suggested.
* Bengali: ইঙ্গিত করা, অপ্রত্যক্ষ ও অপ্রীতিকরভাবে (খারাপ বা নিন্দনীয় কিছু) প্রস্তাব করা বা আভাস দেওয়া; বোঝানো, ইঙ্গিত করা।
* reluctant: Unwilling or hesitant; disinclined.
* Bengali: অনিচ্ছুক, দ্বিধাগ্রস্ত; নারাজ।
* countrymen: People from one's own country.
* Bengali: স্বদেশী, নিজের দেশের লোক।
* reconcilement: The restoration of friendly relations; reconciliation, reunion.
* Bengali: পুনর্মিলন, বন্ধুত্বপূর্ণ সম্পর্কের পুনরুদ্ধার; মীমাংসা, একত্রীকরণ।
* solicit: Ask for or try to obtain (something) from someone.
* Bengali: চাওয়া, কারো কাছ থেকে (কিছু) জিজ্ঞাসা করা বা পাওয়ার চেষ্টা করা।
* mischievously: In a way that shows a liking for causing trouble in a playful way; naughtily, playfully.
* Bengali: দুষ্টুমির সাথে, কৌতুকপূর্ণভাবে ঝামেলা সৃষ্টি করার আগ্রহ দেখিয়ে; দুষ্টুভাবে, কৌতুকপূর্ণভাবে।
* treacherous: Guilty of or involving betrayal or deception; disloyal, deceitful.
* Bengali: বিশ্বাসঘাতক, বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা বা প্রতারণা দোষে দুষ্ট; অবিশ্বাসী, প্রতারণাপূর্ণ।
* entrap: Catch (someone or something) in or as if in a trap; ensnare, trick.
* Bengali: ফাঁদে ফেলা, (কাউকে বা কোনো কিছুকে) ফাঁদে বা ফাঁদের মতো করে ধরা; আবদ্ধ করা, ঠকানো।
* contriving: Creating or devising (something) skillfully and imaginatively.
* Bengali: উদ্ভাবন করা, (কিছু) দক্ষতার সাথে এবং কল্পনাপ্রসূতভাবে তৈরি বা নকশা করা।
* stratagems: Plans or schemes, especially those used to outwit an opponent or achieve an end; tactics, maneuvers.
* Bengali: কৌশল, পরিকল্পনা বা চক্রান্ত, বিশেষ করে কোনো প্রতিপক্ষকে পরাজিত করতে বা কোনো উদ্দেশ্য অর্জনের জন্য ব্যবহৃত; রণনীতি, চাল।
* poppy: A herbaceous flowering plant with showy flowers, often used for opium production. (Figuratively, something that induces sleep).
* Bengali: পোস্ত (আলংকারিক অর্থে, যা ঘুম আনয়ন করে)।
* mandragora: A Mediterranean plant of the nightshade family, with a forked root formerly thought to have magical properties and induce sleep.
* Bengali: ম্যান্ড্রাগোরা, ভূমধ্যসাগরীয় অঞ্চলের নাইটশেড পরিবারের একটি উদ্ভিদ, যার দ্বিখণ্ডিত মূল পূর্বে জাদুকরী বৈশিষ্ট্যযুক্ত এবং ঘুম আনয়নকারী বলে মনে করা হত।
* potions: A liquid mixture, typically one used for medicinal or magical purposes.
* Bengali: পানীয়, তরল মিশ্রণ, সাধারণত ঔষধি বা জাদুকরী উদ্দেশ্যে ব্যবহৃত।
* neighing: The characteristic high-pitched cry of a horse.
* Bengali: হ্রেষা, ঘোড়ার বৈশিষ্ট্যপূর্ণ তীক্ষ্ণ চিৎকার।
* virtues: Behavior showing high moral standards; goodness, righteousness.
* Bengali: গুণাবলী, উচ্চ নৈতিক মান প্রদর্শনকারী আচরণ; সততা, ধার্মিকতা।
* feigned: Pretended or simulated (a feeling or state); faked, dissembled.
* Bengali: ভান করা, (কোনো অনুভূতি বা অবস্থা) মিথ্যাভাবে দেখানো; নকল করা, গোপন করা।
* indignation: Anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment; resentment, outrage.
* Bengali: ক্ষোভ, অন্যায় আচরণের কারণে সৃষ্ট রাগ বা বিরক্তি; অসন্তোষ, ক্রোধ।
* misinterpreted: Understood or explained wrongly.
* Bengali: ভুল বোঝা, ভুল ব্যাখ্যা করা।
* devise: Plan or invent (a complex procedure, system, or mechanism) carefully and thoughtfully; create, design.
* Bengali: উদ্ভাবন করা, (কোনো জটিল প্রক্রিয়া, ব্যবস্থা বা কৌশল) সাবধানে এবং চিন্তাভাবনার সাথে পরিকল্পনা করা বা তৈরি করা; সৃষ্টি করা, নকশা করা।
* swift: Happening quickly or promptly; rapid, fast.
* Bengali: দ্রুত, তাড়াতাড়ি বা অবিলম্বে ঘটছে; দ্রুতগামী, ক্ষিপ্র।
* constant: Unchanging, unwavering, faithful.
* Bengali: ধ্রুব, অপরিবর্তনীয়, অবিচলিত, বিশ্বস্ত।
* wronged: Treated unfairly or unjustly; harmed, injured.
* Bengali: অন্যায়ভাবে বা অবিচার করে আচরণ করা; ক্ষতিগ্রস্থ করা, আহত করা।
* shrewd: Having or showing sharp powers of judgment; astute, clever.
* Bengali: ধূর্ত, তীক্ষ্ণ বিচারবুদ্ধি সম্পন্ন; বিচক্ষণ, চালাক।
* handle: A part of something that is designed for holding or operating it. (Figuratively, a pretext or opportunity).
* Bengali: হাতল (আলংকারিক অর্থে, অজুহাত বা সুযোগ)।
* lend: Grant to (someone) the use of (something) on the understanding that it shall be returned.
* Bengali: ধার দেওয়া, এই বোঝাপড়ার ভিত্তিতে (কাউকে) কোনো কিছুর ব্যবহার মঞ্জুর করা যে তা ফেরত দেওয়া হবে।
* charmer: A person who uses magic spells or charms; enchanter, sorceress.
* Bengali: জাদুকর, যে জাদু মন্ত্র বা তাবিজ ব্যবহার করে; মায়াবী, ডাইনি।
* amiable: Having or displaying a friendly and pleasant manner; affable, cordial.
* Bengali: বন্ধুত্বপূর্ণ ও মনোরম স্বভাবের; অমায়িক, আন্তরিক।
* subdue: Overcome, quiet, or bring under control (a feeling or person).
* Bengali: দমন করা, পরাস্ত করা, শান্ত করা বা নিয়ন্ত্রণে আনা (কোনো অনুভূতি বা ব্যক্তিকে)।
* loathe: Feel intense dislike or disgust for; hate, abhor.
* Bengali: ঘৃণা করা, তীব্র অপছন্দ বা বিতৃষ্ণা অনুভব করা; অপছন্দ করা, বিতৃষ্ণা বোধ করা।
* divert: Distract (someone or their attention) from something; distract, deflect.
* Bengali: অন্যদিকে মন সরানো, (কারও বা তাদের মনোযোগ) অন্য দিকে সরিয়ে দেওয়া; বিক্ষিপ্ত করা, অন্যদিকে ঘোরানো।
* distraction: Extreme agitation of the mind or emotions.
* Bengali: বিভ্রান্তি, মন বা আবেগের চরম উত্তেজনা।
* stupefied: Astonished and shocked; amazed, dumbfounded.
* Bengali: হতবাক, বিস্মিত ও স্তম্ভিত; বিস্মিত, কিংকর্তব্যবিমূঢ়।
* attendant: A person employed to provide a service or assistance to someone.
* Bengali: পরিচারক, এমন ব্যক্তি যিনি কাউকে সেবা বা সহায়তা প্রদানের জন্য নিযুক্ত হন।
* meditated: Thought deeply or focused one's mind for a period of time, in silence or with the aid of chanting or a mantra, for religious or spiritual purposes or as a method of relaxation. (In this context, planned or considered).
* Bengali: ধ্যান করা (এই প্রেক্ষাপটে, পরিকল্পনা করা বা বিবেচনা করা)।
* betray: Be disloyal to (someone) by deceiving or deserting them; deceive, double-cross.
* Bengali: বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করা, (কারও) সাথে অবিশ্বাসী আচরণ করা প্রতারণা বা পরিত্যাগ করে; প্রতারণা করা, দ্বিমুখী আচরণ করা।
* stifled: Suppressed or restrained (a feeling or reaction); suffocated.
* Bengali: শ্বাসরোধ করা, (কোনো অনুভূতি বা প্রতিক্রিয়া) দমন বা সংযত করা; দমবন্ধ করা।
* assassinate: Murder (an important person) for political or religious reasons.
* Bengali: গুপ্তহত্যা করা, (কোনো গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ব্যক্তিকে) রাজনৈতিক বা ধর্মীয় কারণে হত্যা করা।
* exposed: Made visible or apparent; revealed, uncovered.
* Bengali: উন্মোচিত করা, দৃশ্যমান বা স্পষ্ট করা; প্রকাশ করা, অনাবৃত করা।
* apology: A regretful acknowledgment of an offense or failure.
* Bengali: ক্ষমা চাওয়া, কোনো অপরাধ বা ব্যর্থতার জন্য দুঃখজনক স্বীকৃতি।
* thunderstroke: A sudden flash of lightning and a loud clap of thunder. (Figuratively, a sudden shock or disaster).
* Bengali: বজ্রাঘাত: বিদ্যুতের আকস্মিক ঝলকানি এবং মেঘের গুরুগম্ভীর আওয়াজ। (আলংকারিক অর্থে, আকস্মিক আঘাত বা দুর্যোগ)।
* anguish: Severe mental or physical pain or suffering; agony, distress.
* Bengali: তীব্র মানসিক বা শারীরিক ব্যথা বা কষ্ট; যন্ত্রণা, মর্মবেদনা।
* bystanders: People who are present at an event or incident but do not take part; onlookers, witnesses.
* Bengali: দর্শক, যারা কোনো ঘটনা বা দুর্ঘটনায় উপস্থিত থাকে কিন্তু অংশগ্রহণ করে না; দ্রষ্টা, সাক্ষী।
* wrought upon: Greatly affected or influenced by; manipulated, swayed.
* Bengali: প্রভাবিত, গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত বা চালিত; প্রভাবিত, টলানো।
* doting: Extremely and uncritically fond of someone; adoring, devoted.
* Bengali: অন্ধস্নেহী, কারো প্রতি অত্যন্ত এবং নির্বিচারে অনুরাগী; ভক্ত, নিবেদিত।
* executed: Carried out a sentence of death on a condemned person; put to death.
* Bengali: মৃত্যুদণ্ড কার্যকর করা, কোনো দণ্ডিত ব্যক্তির উপর মৃত্যুর আদেশ পালন করা; প্রাণদণ্ড দেওয়া।
* lamented: Expressed sorrow or regret for (something); mourned, grieved.
* Bengali: শোক প্রকাশ করা, (কোনো কিছুর জন্য) দুঃখ বা অনুশোচনা প্রকাশ করা; শোক করা, দুঃখিত হওয়া।
* demise: A person's death; end, passing.
* Bengali: মৃত্যু, কারো জীবনাবসান; শেষ, প্রয়াণ।
To get the PDF of Word Notes and Explanation click here 👇
Ten Lines are ENOUGH
- Othello, a Moorish general, marries Desdemona, defying her father, Brabantio.
- Iago, envious of Othello and Cassio, plots their downfall.
- He manipulates Othello with fabricated evidence of Desdemona's infidelity, using a stolen handkerchief.
- Othello, consumed by jealousy, believes Iago's lies and becomes convinced Desdemona is unfaithful with Cassio.
- Desdemona pleads her innocence, but Othello, driven by rage, smothers her.
- Iago's plot also leads to an attempt on Cassio’s life, which fails.
- Emilia, Iago's wife, reveals his treachery, exposing his lies and manipulations.
- Othello, realizing his error, is overcome with remorse and takes his own life.hmm.
- Iago is arrested and tortured, his evil deeds exposed.
- The tragedy leaves a trail of death, highlighting the destructive power of jealousy and manipulation.
To get the Bengali Meaning of The Ten Lines click here 👇
MCQ Questions
1. Who was Brabantio?
a) A Moorish general
b) A rich Senator of Venice
c) A Turkish warrior
d) A Florentine soldier
2. Desdemona was known for her:
a) Pride and jealousy
b) Gentleness and beauty
c) Cruelty and arrogance
d) Silence and shyness
3. Whom did Desdemona finally choose as her husband?
a) Cassio
b) Iago
c) Othello
d) Montano
4. What was Othello’s profession?
a) A poet
b) A merchant
c) A soldier
d) A priest
5. Othello earned the title of General by:
a) Paying the Senate
b) Writing heroic poems
c) Winning battles against the Turks
d) Marrying Desdemona
6. Brabantio initially treated Othello as:
a) An enemy
b) A stranger
c) A trusted guest
d) A servant
7. Which quality of Othello attracted Desdemona the most?
a) His wealth
b) His appearance
c) His adventures and tales
d) His dancing skills
8. Desdemona would often leave household chores quickly to:
a) Read books
b) Listen to Othello’s stories
c) Visit her father
d) Play music
9. Desdemona wished that if Othello had a friend who loved her, he should:
a) Teach him to sing
b) Teach him to tell stories like Othello
c) Teach him swordsmanship
d) Teach him to dance
10. Othello won Desdemona’s love mainly through:
a) His wealth
b) His storytelling
c) His political power
d) His father’s influence
11. Othello and Desdemona’s marriage was:
a) Publicly celebrated
b) A grand Venetian festival
c) Privately solemnized
d) Cancelled by the Duke
12. Brabantio accused Othello of winning Desdemona through:
a) Bribery
b) Magic and witchcraft
c) Singing and poetry
d) Threats of violence
13. Who was appealed to for justice by Brabantio?
a) The Senate of Cyprus
b) The Duke of Venice
c) Cassio
d) Iago
14. Which state was under threat from the Turks?
a) Crete
b) Venice
c) Cyprus
d) Florence
15. Why was Othello urgently required by the Senate?
a) To settle a marriage dispute
b) To defend Cyprus against the Turks
c) To lead a trade delegation
d) To arrest Cassio
16. How did Othello defend himself before the Duke?
a) By showing letters
b) By narrating his love story
c) By calling Cassio as witness
d) By denying marriage
17. The Duke concluded that Othello’s only witchcraft was:
a) A magic potion
b) Love charms
c) His storytelling skills
d) A special handkerchief
18. Who confirmed Othello’s account in court?
a) Cassio
b) Iago
c) Desdemona
d) Montano
19. Desdemona compared her duty to Othello with:
a) A priest’s devotion to God
b) Her mother’s preference of husband over father
c) A soldier’s loyalty to his general
d) A sailor’s duty to his ship
20. What warning did Brabantio give Othello?
a) “Beware of Cassio’s jealousy.”
b) “Desdemona deceived her father, she may deceive you too.”
c) “Iago is not trustworthy.”
d) “The Duke secretly opposes your marriage.”
21. What news arrived as soon as Othello and Desdemona landed in Cyprus?
a) The Turks had conquered Venice
b) The Turkish fleet was destroyed in a tempest
c) Brabantio had forgiven them
d) Iago was promoted
22. Who was Othello’s most trusted friend?
a) Cassio
b) Montano
c) Iago
d) Brabantio
23. Cassio was described as:
a) Handsome and eloquent
b) Ugly but brave
c) Old and cunning
d) Silent and stern
24. Why did Othello trust Cassio with Desdemona during courtship?
a) He feared his own lack of charm with ladies
b) He was jealous of Iago
c) He wanted to test Desdemona
d) He did not trust himself with words
25. Why was Iago angry with Othello?
a) Othello promoted Cassio instead of him
b) Othello imprisoned him
c) Othello refused to lend him money
d) Othello married Emilia
26. What suspicion did Iago hold about Othello?
a) That Othello had harmed Montano
b) That Othello loved Emilia
c) That Othello was conspiring with the Turks
d) That Othello disliked Cassio
27. What did Iago plan as revenge?
a) To poison Othello
b) To make Othello jealous of Cassio
c) To duel Cassio publicly
d) To imprison Desdemona
28. According to Iago, which affliction torments man the most?
a) Poverty
b) Disease
c) Jealousy
d) Loneliness
29. Cassio was tricked by Iago into:
a) Drinking wine excessively
b) Stealing money
c) Fighting Othello directly
d) Running away from duty
30. Who was wounded in the drunken scuffle involving Cassio?
a) Iago
b) Montano
c) Brabantio
d) Othello
31. Who spread alarm by ringing the castle-bell?
a) Cassio
b) Iago
c) Othello
d) Montano
32. What punishment did Othello give Cassio after the scuffle?
a) Death
b) Imprisonment
c) Removal from lieutenant rank
d) Exile
33. After his disgrace, Cassio lamented:
a) His lost wealth
b) His lost reputation
c) His lost weapon
d) His lost freedom
34. Whom did Iago suggest Cassio should approach for help?
a) Emilia
b) The Duke
c) Montano
d) Desdemona
35. How did Desdemona respond to Cassio’s plea?
a) She scolded him
b) She promised to speak for him
c) She sent him away
d) She ignored him
36. What remark did Iago make when Cassio left Desdemona’s presence?
a) “I know the truth.”
b) “I like not that.”
c) “All is lost.”
d) “She is guilty.”
37. Why did Othello begin to doubt Desdemona?
a) Iago hinted she deceived her father
b) Cassio openly declared his love
c) The Duke warned him
d) Desdemona confessed infidelity
38. Iago claimed Venetian wives often:
a) Were silent and loyal
b) Showed pranks publicly but not to husbands
c) Lived like nuns
d) Obeyed their fathers strictly
39. What “proof” did Iago finally present against Desdemona?
a) A poisoned letter
b) A lost handkerchief found with Cassio
c) A bracelet belonging to Brabantio
d) A secret diary
40. Who actually stole Desdemona’s handkerchief?
a) Cassio
b) Iago
c) Emilia
d) Othello
41. Othello told Desdemona the handkerchief was:
a) Bought in Florence
b) A magical charm from an Egyptian woman
c) A gift from the Duke
d) Found during war
42. What did Othello believe losing the handkerchief meant?
a) Loss of health
b) Loss of victory in war
c) Loss of love and fidelity
d) Loss of wealth
43. Desdemona tried to distract Othello from jealousy by:
a) Singing
b) Praising Cassio
c) Speaking cheerfully
d) Telling stories
44. What punishment did Othello decide for Cassio?
a) Execution within three days
b) Lifetime imprisonment
c) Exile from Cyprus
d) Stripping of wealth
45. What did Othello plan for Desdemona?
a) To exile her
b) To poison her slowly
c) To kill her swiftly
d) To send her back to Venice
46. Before killing Desdemona, Othello resolved not to:
a) Shed her blood
b) Pray for forgiveness
c) Sleep again
d) Fight the Turks
47. How did Othello kill Desdemona?
a) Poison
b) Stabbing
c) Stifling in bedclothes
d) Strangulation with rope
48. What did Desdemona beg for before death?
a) Mercy and explanation
b) A last kiss
c) To meet Cassio
d) To return home
49. Who exposed Iago’s guilt through letters?
a) Cassio
b) Montano
c) Emilia
d) Brabantio
50. How did Othello react after discovering the truth?
a) Fled from Cyprus
b) Killed Iago
c) Killed himself with a sword
d) Begged Desdemona’s pardon
51. Why did Othello sometimes doubt but also trust Iago?
a) Iago was his father’s friend
b) He thought Iago was honest and just
c) Iago gave him gifts
d) Desdemona recommended Iago
52. Which words of Iago did Othello recall later with suspicion?
a) “Beware of Cassio.”
b) “I like not that.”
c) “The Duke must know.”
d) “She is guilty.”
53. How did Iago describe Cassio’s qualities?
a) A perfect soldier
b) A man fit only for ladies’ company
c) A coward
d) A rival general
54. What did Iago say about Desdemona’s marriage choice?
a) It was noble and pure
b) It was unusual and unnatural
c) It was against the Duke’s wishes
d) It was politically motivated
55. What did Othello fear most after Iago’s words?
a) Losing his generalship
b) Desdemona’s unfaithfulness
c) Death in war
d) Betrayal by Montano
56. According to Iago, Venetian wives:
a) Were loyal until death
b) Deceived their fathers and husbands
c) Never left their houses
d) Did not speak in public
57. Othello demanded proof of Desdemona’s guilt by:
a) Threatening Iago with death
b) Writing to the Duke
c) Following Cassio secretly
d) Asking Emilia
58. What did Iago pretend when pressed for proof?
a) Ignorance
b) Reluctance to betray a friend
c) Anger at Othello
d) Loyalty to Desdemona
59. The lost handkerchief became:
a) A symbol of Desdemona’s love
b) A weapon for Cassio
c) Proof of Othello’s victory
d) Emilia’s secret treasure
60. How did Iago obtain Desdemona’s handkerchief?
a) He stole it directly
b) Emilia stole it for him
c) Cassio gave it to him
d) Othello sold it
61. What did Othello claim about the handkerchief’s origin?
a) From a Turkish merchant
b) From an Egyptian woman
c) From a Venetian noble
d) From his father
62. The Egyptian woman told Othello’s mother the handkerchief would:
a) Keep her young
b) Preserve her love
c) Protect her from war
d) Make her wealthy
63. How did Desdemona react upon realizing she lost the handkerchief?
a) She laughed it off
b) She grew fearful of losing Othello’s love
c) She confessed to Cassio
d) She gave Othello another gift
64. Othello compared Desdemona’s suspected infidelity to:
a) A deadly poison
b) A fair but foul weed
c) A burning fire
d) A sharp sword
65. What did Desdemona ask her attendant before sleeping?
a) To prepare her wedding-sheets
b) To summon Othello
c) To bring Cassio
d) To light candles
66. Othello decided not to kill Desdemona’s:
a) Body
b) Soul
c) Attendant
d) Father
67. How did Othello describe his tears before killing Desdemona?
a) Cruel tears
b) Holy tears
c) Happy tears
d) Bitter drops
68. Desdemona begged Othello to:
a) Postpone her death
b) Kill Cassio first
c) Forgive her faults
d) Let her see her father
69. What was Othello’s final method of killing Desdemona?
a) Drowning
b) Poisoning
c) Stifling her in bed
d) Throwing her from a tower
70. What emotion did Othello feel immediately after killing Desdemona?
a) Triumph
b) Hatred
c) Grief and remorse
d) Indifference
71. Who attempted to assassinate Cassio?
a) A servant of Iago
b) Othello himself
c) Montano
d) The Duke
72. Why did Iago kill his own accomplice?
a) He betrayed him
b) To prevent discovery
c) He loved Desdemona
d) He was jealous
73. What was found in the dead man’s pockets?
a) Desdemona’s letter
b) Brabantio’s will
c) Letters exposing Iago
d) Gold coins
74. What did Cassio seek from Othello after surviving?
a) Wealth
b) Revenge
c) Apology and explanation
d) Emilia’s hand
75. How did Othello respond after Cassio’s innocence was revealed?
a) He begged Desdemona for forgiveness
b) He killed Iago at once
c) He realized he was a murderer
d) He fled from Cyprus
76. What weapon did Othello use to end his life?
a) Poison
b) Sword
c) Rope
d) Dagger
77. Where did Othello fall after killing himself?
a) On the battlefield
b) At the Duke’s feet
c) On Desdemona’s body
d) Outside the castle
78. How was Iago punished?
a) Imprisonment
b) Execution with tortures
c) Exile from Venice
d) Loss of wealth
79. How did the Venetians remember Othello after death?
a) As a villain
b) As a deceiver
c) As a renowned General
d) As a poor Moor
80. What was said about Othello’s love for Desdemona?
a) He loved her wisely
b) He loved her too little
c) He loved her not at all
d) He loved her too well but not wisely
81. The word clime in the text refers to:
a) Time
b) Climate or region
c) Colour
d) Rank
82. The word complexion refers to:
a) Wealth
b) Skin colour
c) Profession
d) Religion
83. The term valiant describes Othello as:
a) Wealthy
b) Brave
c) Cunning
d) Old
84. Perils in Othello’s tales mean:
a) Treasures
b) Dangers
c) Weapons
d) Victories
85. Cannibals mentioned in Othello’s stories are:
a) Sea creatures
b) Man-eaters
c) Tribal leaders
d) Pirates
86. Desdemona listened to Othello’s tales with:
a) Anger
b) Rapt attention
c) Disbelief
d) Disgust
87. The phrase greedy ear to devour his discourse means:
a) She was hungry
b) She eagerly listened
c) She ignored him
d) She scolded him
88. The Senate of Venice referred to Othello as:
a) Culprit and General
b) Friend and father
c) Merchant and leader
d) Stranger and poet
89. The word conjurations refers to:
a) Tricks of trade
b) Magic spells
c) Music and songs
d) Political decrees
90. The word solicitor in Desdemona’s promise to Cassio means:
a) A lawyer
b) A helper or advocate
c) A teacher
d) A judge
91. Which theme is central to Othello’s downfall?
a) Courage
b) Jealousy
c) Wealth
d) Religion
92. What quality of Othello did Iago exploit the most?
a) His bravery
b) His honesty and trust
c) His cruelty
d) His silence
93. Which of the following is a contrast in Othello’s character?
a) Brave in war but weak in love
b) Silent in court but loud in home
c) Rich in Venice but poor in Cyprus
d) Old in age but young in heart
94. What made Desdemona’s goodness dangerous for her?
a) Her trust in Iago
b) Her intercession for Cassio
c) Her obedience to Othello
d) Her loyalty to Venice
95. Which symbol played the greatest role in Othello’s jealousy?
a) The sword
b) The handkerchief
c) The wedding-sheets
d) The castle-bell
96. What is Iago’s most destructive trait?
a) Honesty
b) Craftiness
c) Silence
d) Courage
97. Which human weakness is shown as most deadly in the story?
a) Ambition
b) Jealousy
c) Laziness
d) Fear
98. Why was Othello admired before his fall?
a) His eloquence in love
b) His victories in war
c) His wealth in Venice
d) His skill in poetry
99. Why did Brabantio regret having only one child?
a) He wanted a son
b) Desdemona’s betrayal hurt him deeply
c) He wanted more wealth
d) He needed political heirs
100. What emotion dominated the ending of the play?
a) Joy
b) Horror and amazement
c) Calmness
d) Indifference
101. Othello’s last act was seen as:
a) A soldier’s justice
b) A rash and tragic mistake
c) A political revolt
d) A religious ritual
102. The Duke earlier said Othello’s tale would have:
a) Won his daughter too
b) Convinced the Senate
c) Defeated the Turks
d) Saved Venice
103. Emilia’s role in the tragedy was:
a) To betray Othello
b) To steal the handkerchief unknowingly
c) To spy for Cassio
d) To support Desdemona’s innocence
104. Othello’s lost rest symbolized:
a) Loss of his honour
b) Loss of his military spirit
c) Loss of his peace of mind
d) Loss of his rank
105. What did Othello feel about his past honours at the end?
a) They were forgotten
b) They made his fall worse
c) They saved his life
d) They earned him mercy
106. Which character was described as “treacherous villain”?
a) Othello
b) Cassio
c) Iago
d) Montano
107. What caused Othello’s shift from a noble hero to murderer?
a) Iago’s manipulation
b) Cassio’s betrayal
c) Desdemona’s silence
d) Montano’s wound
108. What contrast is shown between Cassio and Iago?
a) Both honest
b) Cassio loved, Iago hated
c) Both jealous
d) Cassio cowardly, Iago brave
109. Othello was described as loving Desdemona:
a) Not wisely but too well
b) With cunning and deceit
c) With fear and silence
d) With hatred in heart
110. The death of Othello shocked people with:
a) Passion and horror
b) Laughter
c) Peace
d) Joy
111. What made Desdemona bold in leaving her father?
a) Her wealth
b) Her love for Othello
c) Her loyalty to Venice
d) Her duty as daughter
112. What was Cassio’s famous cry after losing rank?
a) “Honour, honour, honour!”
b) “Reputation, reputation, reputation!”
c) “Jealousy, jealousy, jealousy!”
d) “General, General, General!”
113. Who said Desdemona was “a most exquisite lady”?
a) Cassio
b) Iago
c) Othello
d) Montano
114. Why did Othello remove Cassio’s rank?
a) Cassio was drunk on guard duty
b) Cassio insulted Desdemona
c) Cassio betrayed him
d) Cassio stole the handkerchief
115. Which scene first planted jealousy in Othello’s mind?
a) Cassio leaving Desdemona as Othello entered
b) Desdemona praising Othello
c) Montano’s wound
d) Brabantio’s speech
116. Othello said he could endure anything except:
a) Poverty
b) War
c) Desdemona’s infidelity
d) Old age
117. Which quality of Othello contrasts with Iago’s cunning?
a) Simplicity and nobility
b) Greed and cruelty
c) Silence and jealousy
d) Harshness and anger
118. How did Desdemona try to defend Cassio?
a) By pleading constantly with Othello
b) By writing to the Duke
c) By hiding Cassio in her house
d) By scolding Iago
119. What did Othello request in his final speech before dying?
a) That he be remembered as one who loved not wisely but too well
b) That Cassio forgive him publicly
c) That Desdemona’s innocence be forgotten
d) That Iago be set free
120. The central tragic flaw in Othello’s character is often considered to be:
a) His pride in military success
b) His jealousy and credulity
c) His hatred for Cassio
d) His love of wealth
Grammar Test
( Voice Change)
1.
Sentence: “She was sought by various suitors.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Various suitors sought her.
b) She sought various suitors.
c) Various suitors were seeking by her.
d) Her seeking was by various suitors.
2.
Sentence: “Her father loved Othello deeply.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Othello deeply loved her father.
b) Othello was deeply loved by her father.
c) Her father was deeply loved by Othello.
d) Deeply Othello her father loved.
3.
Sentence: “Desdemona listened with rapt attention to all these accounts.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Rapt attention was listened by Desdemona.
b) All these accounts were listened to with rapt attention by Desdemona.
c) Desdemona was listened with rapt attention by all these accounts.
d) All these accounts listened Desdemona.
4.
Sentence: “Othello gained the consent of Desdemona to marry him.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) The consent of Desdemona was gained by Othello to marry him.
b) Desdemona’s consent gained Othello to marry him.
c) Desdemona was gaining consent by Othello.
d) The consent of Othello was gained by Desdemona.
5.
Sentence: “Brabantio accused Othello of casting spell and witchcraft.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Othello accused Brabantio of casting spell and witchcraft.
b) Othello was accused of casting spell and witchcraft by Brabantio.
c) Spell and witchcraft accused Othello by Brabantio.
d) Othello was casting spell and witchcraft to accuse Brabantio.
6.
Sentence: “The Senate received news that the Turks had set sail a fleet.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) The Turks had been received by the Senate to set sail a fleet.
b) A fleet had been set sail by the Turks, the news of which was received by the Senate.
c) The news of sailing the Turks was received by a fleet of the Senate.
d) A fleet was sailed by the Senate, the news of which was received by the Turks.
7.
Sentence: “The Duke confessed that a tale so told would have won his daughter too.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) His daughter too would have won the Duke by a tale so told.
b) A tale so told would have won his daughter too, it was confessed by the Duke.
c) His daughter would be confessed by the Duke with a tale so told.
d) By a tale so told the Duke confessed his daughter.
8.
Sentence: “The Duke gave Othello the commission to defend Cyprus.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Othello was given the commission to defend Cyprus by the Duke.
b) Cyprus was given to defend the Duke by Othello.
c) The commission was defending Cyprus by Othello to the Duke.
d) Cyprus was given commission by the Duke to Othello.
9.
Sentence: “Cassio had the direction of the guard that night.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) The guard that night was directed by Cassio.
b) The guard had directed Cassio that night.
c) Cassio was directed by the guard that night.
d) Cassio was having direction by the guard that night.
10.
Sentence: “Iago persuaded Cassio to drink more.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Cassio was persuaded by Iago to drink more.
b) Cassio persuaded Iago to drink more.
c) Drinking was persuaded by Iago to Cassio.
d) Cassio was persuading to drink more by Iago.
11.
Sentence: “Roderigo quarrelled with Cassio.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Cassio was quarrelled with Roderigo.
b) Cassio was quarrelled by Roderigo.
c) Cassio was quarrelled with by Roderigo.
d) Quarrel was done with Cassio by Roderigo.
12.
Sentence: “Othello took away the rank of lieutenant from Cassio.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) The rank of lieutenant was taken away by Othello from Cassio.
b) Cassio was taking away the rank of lieutenant by Othello.
c) The rank was given to Cassio by Othello.
d) The rank of Othello was taken away by Cassio.
13.
Sentence: “Cassio asked Desdemona to speak on his behalf.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Desdemona was asked by Cassio to speak on his behalf.
b) Desdemona asked Cassio to speak on his behalf.
c) Cassio was speaking on behalf of Desdemona.
d) Cassio was asked to speak on her behalf.
14.
Sentence: “Desdemona assured Cassio that she would plead with Othello.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Cassio was assured by Desdemona that she would plead with Othello.
b) Cassio assured Desdemona that she would plead with Othello.
c) Desdemona pleaded with Othello to assure Cassio.
d) Othello was pleaded by Cassio to assure Desdemona.
15.
Sentence: “Emilia picked up the handkerchief.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) The handkerchief picked up Emilia.
b) The handkerchief was picked up by Emilia.
c) Emilia was picked up by the handkerchief.
d) The handkerchief was picking up Emilia.
16.
Sentence: “Iago placed the handkerchief in Cassio’s chamber.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) The handkerchief placed Iago in Cassio’s chamber.
b) Cassio’s chamber was placed in the handkerchief by Iago.
c) The handkerchief was placed in Cassio’s chamber by Iago.
d) Cassio was placed in the handkerchief by Iago.
17.
Sentence: “Cassio gave the handkerchief to his mistress Bianca.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) The handkerchief was given to his mistress Bianca by Cassio.
b) Cassio was given to his mistress Bianca by the handkerchief.
c) Bianca was given to Cassio by the handkerchief.
d) Cassio’s mistress gave the handkerchief to Bianca.
18.
Sentence: “Othello believed that Desdemona had given it away to Cassio.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) That it had been given away to Cassio by Desdemona was believed by Othello.
b) Othello was believed to have been given away by Desdemona.
c) Desdemona was believed by Othello to have been given away.
d) Cassio was given Desdemona to Othello by it.
19.
Sentence: “Iago suggested Othello to strangle Desdemona in bed.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Othello was suggested by Iago to strangle Desdemona in bed.
b) Desdemona was suggested by Othello to strangle Iago in bed.
c) Iago was suggested by Desdemona to strangle Othello in bed.
d) Bed was suggested to be strangled in by Othello and Iago.
20.
Sentence: “Othello slapped Desdemona in public.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Desdemona was slapped by Othello in public.
b) Othello was slapped by Desdemona in public.
c) Public was slapped by Othello in Desdemona.
d) Slapping was done by Desdemona to Othello in public.
21.
Sentence: “Othello stifled Desdemona till she died.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Desdemona was stifled by Othello till she died.
b) Othello was stifled by Desdemona till she died.
c) Death was stifling Desdemona till Othello died.
d) Othello was dying by stifling Desdemona.
22.
Sentence: “Emilia exposed Iago’s villainy.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Iago’s villainy was exposed by Emilia.
b) Iago’s villainy exposed Emilia.
c) Emilia was exposed by Iago’s villainy.
d) Iago’s villainy had Emilia exposed.
23.
Sentence: “Iago stabbed his wife Emilia.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) Emilia stabbed Iago, her husband.
b) Emilia was stabbed by her husband Iago.
c) Iago was stabbed by Emilia, his wife.
d) Stabbing was done by Emilia to Iago.
24.
Sentence: “Letters were found in Roderigo’s pocket.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) They found letters in Roderigo’s pocket.
b) Roderigo’s pocket found letters.
c) Letters found Roderigo’s pocket.
d) Letters were finding in Roderigo’s pocket.
25.
Sentence: “Othello killed himself with a sword.”
Q: Change the voice.
a) A sword killed Othello himself.
b) Himself was killed by Othello with a sword.
c) Othello was killed by himself with a sword.
d) Othello was killed with a sword.
Declaration: Use Numeric UI font to get the Bengali font perfectly . Select the text and touch the 'Read Aloud ' option and set the speed at '3' to listen the whole text as one is telling you story and get better understanding.
